Menolong untuk Mempertahankan Status? Ancaman Identitas Kelompok dan Perilaku Menolong Defensif
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Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh ancaman status identitas kelompok terhadap bentuk perilaku menolong defensif, dengan membedakan bantuan berorientasi dependen, bantuan berorientasi otonom, dan pilihan untuk tidak menolong. Berlandaskan Teori Identitas Sosial, eksperimen laboratorium antarkelompok merekrut 100 mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Indonesia yang ditempatkan pada kondisi terancam (n = 59) atau tidak terancam (n = 41). Setelah melalui pemeriksaan manipulasi, 72 peserta (36 per kondisi) dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil menunjukkan distribusi respons berbeda signifikan, χ²(2, N = 72) = 12.04, p = 0.002, dengan Cramér’s V = 0.409. Pada kondisi terancam, proporsi bantuan dependen menurun (8.3%) dan penolakan meningkat (44.4%), sedangkan bantuan otonom relatif stabil (47.2%). Sebaliknya, pada kondisi tidak terancam, bantuan dependen lebih tinggi (36.1%) dan penolakan lebih rendah (13.9%). Temuan ini memberikan bukti awal bahwa ancaman status tidak semata-mata memicu peningkatan pertolongan, melainkan mengubah bentuk dan batas bantuan antarkelompok. Kebaruan penelitian terletak pada pengujian fenomena perilaku menolong defensif di Indonesia yang sebelumnya masih jarang diteliti. Implikasi penelitian menekankan perlunya memahami dinamika ancaman identitas dalam interaksi sosial lintas kelompok, serta membuka ruang bagi kajian lanjutan mengenai faktor situasional dan kultural yang mempengaruhi pola pertolongan defensif.
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